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中考英语备考:主谓一致的误区

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  句子的核心是谓语动词,谓语动词的确定取决于主语。根据句子含义和结构认准主语是掌握主谓一致的必要条件;弄清主谓一致的语言规则和习惯是掌握主谓一致的充分条件,要正确使用主谓一致,两个条件缺一不可,但同学们往往会走入以下三大误区。
  误区一 误认主语
  1. 倒装句
  ①Between the two buildings are a big tree. (×)
  ②Between the two buildings is a big tree. (√)
  [解析] 第①句谓语动词使用are,错误地认为the two buildings是该句的主语,但实际上是介词between的宾语,一起构成介词短语,而介词短语不能充当主语。该句是一个倒装句,真正主语是a big tree.因此第②句正确。
  特别提醒 倒装句的常见结构:副词/介词短语+谓语+主语
  2. 主语之后带有介词短语
  ①The fruit like apples, oranges are good for our health. (×)
  ②The fruit like apples, oranges is good for our health. (√)
  [解析] 第①句误认为apples, oranges是主语,因此谓语动词用are,而实际上the fruit才是该句的主语,like apples,oranges是介词短语作后置定语修饰the fruit.该句译为"像苹果、桔子之类的水果对我们的身体是有好处的".因此第②句是正确的。
  特别提醒 类似的结构有:主语+with / like / except / but / together with / as well as . . . ,谓语动词应与主语一致,而与介词短语之后的名词无关。
  3. One of . . . + 名词复数或复数代词
  ①There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys are from Canada. (×)
  ②There are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys is from Canada. (√)
  [解析] one of the boys的中心词是one,因此谓语动词用单数,造成第①句错误的原因主要是把the boys当成了该句的主语。
  4. 定语从句
  ①I like the photos which was taken in Beijing. (×)
  ②I like the photos which were taken in Beijing. (√)
  [解析] which were taken in Beijing是一个定语从句,用于修饰先行词the photos,而which本身就代替先行词the photos.因此谓语动词要用复数,造成第①句错误的原因是没有弄清楚关系词which的实质,只是从形式上看它是单数。
  特别提醒 定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。
  误区二 被主语的表象迷惑
  1. 看似复数却表单数概念
  ①Maths are my favourite subject. (×)
  ②Maths is my favourite subject. (√)
  [解析] maths本身是一个以"s"结尾的单词,而不是一个复数名词,表示单数概念"数学"这一学科,因此第②句正确。
  类似的有:physics,news,politics . . .
  2. 看似单数却表复数概念
  ①The police is searching for the robbers. (×)
  ②The police are searching for the robbers. (√)
  [解析] the police译为"警方",表示复数概念,而不是表示"那个警察",因此第②句正确,类似的词有:people,the +形容词,the +姓+family等均表复数概念。
  3. 名词的单复数同形
  ①There are a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? (×)
  ②There is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? (√)
  [解析] sheep是一个单复数形式相同的名词,由于sheep之前用的a little修饰,加上Can you see it中的it指代单数,因此a little sheep译为"一只小绵羊",因此第②句正确。如果将原题改为:There ________ (be) a few sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see them?那又会怎么样呢。
  4. 集合名词
  ①Their family is very happy. Now their family is watching TV. (×)
  ②Their family is very happy. Now their family are watching TV. (√)
  [解析] family是一个集合名词,表示整体概念时谓语用单数,表示个体概念时谓语用复数。该句译为"他们全家很幸福,现在全家人正在看电视".因此第一个family表示整体概念,译为"家庭",第二个family表示个体概念,译为"家人",第②句正确。
  特别提醒 类似的还有group,class,team等既可表单数也可表复数。
  误区三 误用语言规则
  1. 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、数量等名词作主语
  ①Ten years are quite a long time. (×)
  ②Ten years is quite a long time. (√)
  [解析] 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、数量等名词的复数作主语时看作一个整体,谓语动词要用单数,容易错误理解为复数而出现第①句的错误。
  2. 由and连接的并列主语
  ①The twentieth lesson and last lesson are very easy for students. (×)
  ②The twentieth lesson and last lesson is very easy for students. (√)
  [解析] the twentieth lesson and last lesson是表示同一概念,译为"第20课即最后一课",因此谓语动词应该用单数。同学们容易错误理解"第20课和最后一课",如果表示两课,应该表达为"the twentieth lesson and the last lesson".
  特别提醒 由and连接的并列主语表示同一概念时,谓语动词用单数,表示不同的概念时谓语动词用复数。
  3. 就近原则
  ①Neither you nor he have been to Beijing. (×)
  ②Neither you nor he has been to Beijing. (√)
  [解析] neither . . . Nor连接的并列主语(you , he)虽然表示两个人,但根据语言规则,当它连接并列主语的时候,谓语动词根据就近原则,该由he决定,因此第②句正确。
  特别提醒 类似的还有either . . . Or,not only . . . But also,not . . . But,以及there be之后的并列主语,谓语动词的确定都根据"就近原则".
  4. This kind of,a piece of,this pair of等短语作主语
  ①This pair of trousers are very new, but Tom's trousers are very old. (×)
  ②This pair of trousers is very new, but Tom's trousers are very old. (√)
  [解析] trousers作主语时,谓语动词用复数,但当它被this pair of修饰时谓语动词由pair的单复数确定。因此第②句正确。
  特别提醒 this kind of,a piece of,a bag of,a box of等,这类短语作主语时谓语动词的单复数由这些短语中的名词决定,而与它们所修饰的名词无关。
  5. The rest of, half of等短语作主语
  ①Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it are very difficult. (×)
  ②Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is very difficult. (√)
  [解析] 根据句意和句子结构可以判断the rest of it中的it,指the work,而work是不可数名词,因此第②句正确。
  特别提醒 all of,most of,half of,the rest of,以及a lot of,some,any+名词作主语时,要根据后面的名词确定谓语动词的单复数。
  6. 一句话提示
  ①合成不定代词(如something,anybody等)作主语,谓语动词用单数;
  ②动名词、不定式、从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数;
  ③a number of +名词(复)作主语,谓语用复数,the number of +名词(复)作主语,谓语用单数;
  ④none of . . . 作主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。

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